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Fahimtar Daraja na Plaato na Karboni Satali ta hanyar Karamba na Karboni da Koyaya na Maimakon
Karamba na Karboni Zafin, Na Wani Tsaki da Na Yau: Bayanai da Rubutun ASTM/ISO
Plaato na karboni satali ana tasnifinsa ta hanyar karamba na karboni—wani abu mai yawa wanda ya zama babban abu na almuwa wanda ya shirya koyaya na maimakon. Uku daraja na muhimmi—zafin, wani tsaki da yau—ana bayaninsu ta hanyar karamba na kwayoyin karamba wanda suka hada da rubutun ASTM da ISO.
| Rukuni | Karamba na Karboni (%) | Matsayin ASTM na Musamman |
|---|---|---|
| Low carbon | 0.04 – 0.30 | A36, A516, A1011 |
| Karamba na Karboni Na Wani Tsaki | 0.31 – 0.60 | A572, AISI 1045, A830 |
| Karbonin Cere | 0.61 – 1.50 | AISI 1080, AISI 1095 |
Fasullin da ke da karbonin karami (≤0.30% C) suna ba da fahimtar daidai da kuma iya gudanar da su a matsayin mafi kyawawan, wanda ke sa kamar yadda ake amfani da su a cikin tsarin tashin abubuwa, tsarin tashin kwayoyi, da kuma tsarin tashin abubuwa na umummiya. Fasullin da ke da karbonin tsaki (0.31–0.60% C) suna nuna karamin tsakanin karamin kari, karamin daga cikin karamin kari da kuma iya gudanar da su—wadanda ake amfani da su a cikin kwayoyin tsaki, kwayoyin karamin kari, da kuma abubuwan tsarin tashin masu karamin kari. Fasullin da ke da karbonin cere (0.61–1.50% C) suna ba da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karamin kari da karam......
Yadda Karbonin Karami Ya Zama Mafi Kyawawan A Cikin Karamin Kari, Karamin Kari, Karamin Kari Da Karamin Kari
Kwayar karboni ya sa kari yanzu a cikin tsarin amfani: karboni mai yawa ya zama mai sa kafin karboni na iron (cementite), ya taka tsarin koyaushe da koyaushe kuma ya rage koyaushe da koyaushe kuma ya rage koyaushe da koyaushe da koyaushe da koyaushe. Wannan shirin da ke cikin kai tsaye ya kashe daga kowane jinsi na karboni na steel.
| Sarari | Karboni Karami (0.04–0.30% C) | Karboni Na Tsaki (0.31–0.60% C) | Karboni Mai Yawa (0.61–1.50% C) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Koyaushe da Koyaushe | Kananan zuwa ƙananan | Daga cikin wadanda suka ƙara yawa zuwa wadanda suka ƙara yawa | Muya Mariya |
| Koyaushe da Koyaushe da Koyaushe | Tare daidai | Binciken | Kashin daidai |
| Weldability | Sunan Dadi | Mai kyau (yana da kyau in gudanen koyaushe) | Babu kyau (ba a mace a amfani da koyaushe na load-bearing) |
| Kowane Ayyukan Da Su Ka Samu A Cikin Plate | Koyaushe na structural, pipe, da koyaushe na automotive | Gears, shafts, machine frames | Cutting tools, dies, high-tensile wire |
Misali, ASTM A36 (low carbon) za a iya weldinta ba tare da preheat ba ta hanyar yadda ake amfani da shi a cikin kadan daga cikin halayen, amma ASTM A572 Grade 50 (medium carbon) ya nemo preheating a cikin ƙarfi na ƙasa ga 60°F don haifar da hydrogen-induced cracking. High-carbon plates kamar AISI 1095 ba su gaba daya a weldinta a cikin applications na structural saboda su yi karfi sosai da kuma su yi kari da kari. Gano wannan sababin da ma'ana ta zama wani abu da ke haifar da wani abu zai sa muhannidai su rarraba wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke cikin wani abu da ke c......
Key ASTM and Global Carbon Steel Plate Grades Compared
A36, A572, A516, and A537: Yield Strength, Toughness, and Typical Applications
ASTM A36 yana tsayayen kuma a matsayin mahallin gaba daya na karboni steel plate—ta ba da wani yawan kamar 36 ksi na yield strength, ta zama mai sauƙi a welding, kuma ta ba da ductility mai kyau. Karamin bayani na yadda ta yi kuma karamin samun ta suka saita a matsayin default don building frames, pedestrian bridges, da non-pressurized industrial equipment.
ASTM A572 ta ba da wani yawan masu karami a cikin Grades 42, 50, 55, da 60—wanda suka saita a cikin karamin kishin kishin da karamin dead loads a cikin heavy construction, transmission towers, da highway structures. Grade 50 (50 ksi min yield) tana da karamin yawa a cikin wadanda yadda karamin strength-to-weight yana da muhimmi.
Don pressure-containing applications, ASTM A516 ta ba da wani yawan chemistry mai sauƙi a amfani da shi kuma ta ba da notch toughness mai kyau—wanda ke da muhimmi don kare brittle fracture a cikin boilers, storage tanks, da process vessels suka amfani da su a yadda suka dace da low temperatures ko a cikin cyclic stress. Karamin amfani na shi ya dace da ASME Section VIII Division 1 requirements.
ASTM A537, an kwalla ta daga gaba daya don ziyarar tsayi da kariya na karamin karama, ya sa aiki ga yadda mafi kyawu na karamin karama na karamin karama a cikin karamin karama na karamin karama a cikin karamin karama na karamin karama—kamar yadda ake nuna a cikin karamin karama na karamin karama (PWHT).
Kullum suka fahimci: AISI 1018, Q345, da A830-1045 don Samunin Ayyukan Duniya
Samunin ayyukan duniya yana da shugaban karamin karama—ba tare da karamin karama ba. AISI 1018 (karamin karama mai yawa, ~0.18% C) yana ba da karamin karama na karamin karama da karamin karama na karamin karama wanda ke fi ayyukan karamin karama da karamin karama na karamin karama, wanda ke fi ayyukan karamin karama da karamin karama na karamin karama.
Q345 (GB/T 1591) shine karamin karama na China wanda ke karamin karama na ASTM A572 Grade 50—wanda ke ba da karamin karama na 345 MPa (50 ksi) kuma karamin karama na karamin karama. Wanda ke amfani da ita a cikin karamin karama na karamin karama da karamin karama na karamin karama na karamin karama.
A830-1045 (karboni na wasu, ~0.45% C) ya kara da ASTM A572 Grade 60 a matsayin tsanani amma yana ba da karin hankali don samun karami da karamin gudunmawa—yana da kyau don gurbi na mafarashin, karami, da kayan aikin masu amfani a cikin kasuwanci wanda gudunmawa na sarari ta zama mai muhimci kamar yadda ake amfani da shi don karami.
Fahimtar wannan haɗa-haɗa yana taimaka ga kungiyoyin bincike su fitar da matsayin aiki—ba koda sune suna fahimci ba—ta hanyar fasahar al'adu na yankuna kuma kula da karamin rarraba ko karamin kuskuren da ke zama mabudin.
Zaɓar Karamin Karboni na Mafi Kyau ta hanyar Al'amurin Aikin Da Suke Bude
Karamin Gidajen Kasuwanci da Kofin: Kuma Tsanani, Matsayin Tsanani, da Karamin Samun Kayan Aikin
Kwararren tsari da kwararren briji suna bukata karamin gaskiya: wani tsari mai karfi don samun abubuwan da suka dace, da kuma yadda zai iya aiki a cikin gida, amma ba a kara karfi ba. ASTM A36 yana zama tsohon saurin yin amfani da ita don tsarin da suka dace da abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci saboda yadda zai iya aiki, yadda zai iya samun ita a cikin mafarka, da kuma yadda ba za a bukata preheat ko post-weld treatment ba. Idan akwai bukatun karfi mai yawa—kamar tsarin da suka dace don karamin yawa ko tsarin da suka dace don kula da kuzari—ASTM A572 Grade 50 ta ba da karfi na yawa ta 40% kuma ta jira yadda zai iya aiki da karamin yawa ta muhimmi a cikin gida idan aka yi amfani da shi da karamin yawa ta muhimmi.
Yin amfani da tsarin da suka dace don karamin yawa ko tsarin da suka dace don karamin yawa ta kara kudin da karamin yawa. Misali, yin amfani da A537 a cikin tsarin da suka dace don gida ya kara kudin da karamin yawa ta kuzari da karamin yawa ta kuzari. Karamin yawa ta muhimmi shine yin amfani da tsarin da ke karamin kudin da ke dace da karamin yawa ta muhimmi, karamin yawa ta kuzari, da karamin yawa ta kuzari—da kuma a saba da karamin yawa ta muhimmi da karamin yawa ta kuzari da AWS D1.1.
Kwambo na Ƙarama da Aiki na Yadda Zuciya: Me Ba A516 Tare da Karamin Gaba Na Karama Ba?
A cikin kwambo na ƙarama da aiki na yadda zuciya, kuma yanzu ayyukan fuskantar suka canza daga yankin gaba (plastic yielding) zuwa fuskantar mai saurin kari (catastrophic brittle fracture). ASTM A516 ta bayyana wannan ta hanyar nuna tsarin muhimmin kalmomi (e.g., phosphorus ≤0.035%, sulfur ≤0.035%), amfanin rukuni na gaba (grain-refining practices), da tashin Charpy V-notch—even at –50°F. Bayan wadannan, A516 ta shiga a matsayin rukuni na gaba (fine-grain practice) kuma ta shiga a matsayin normal (normalized) don tabbatar da tsarin rukuni na gaba (uniform microstructure) da karamin fuskantar mai saurin kari (predictable fracture behavior).
Misali, A516 Grade 70 ta jira da ≥20% elongation da karamin 20 ft·lb impact energy a –20°F—wadannan suna maimakon karamin ASME BPVC. Amma amfani da wani rukuni na aiki (structural grade) kamar A572 a wannan aiki zai bai karuwa ba (violate) karamin koda kuma zai yi damar karamin al'ada (compromise safety). Don haka, masu ingantaccen (Engineers) su ya sanya karamin gaba (notch toughness data) a cikin karamin (priority)—ba hanya karamin kwayoyi (tensile strength) kuma—kafin samun rukuni (specifying plate) don kwambo na yadda zuciya (cryogenic tanks), kwambo na ammonia (ammonia reactors), ko kwambo na karamin LNG (LNG containment systems).
Sashen Tambayoyi
Mene ne babban bambanci tsakanin low, matsakaici, da kuma high carbon karfe faranti?
Plate mai ƙarfe mai ƙarancin carbon yana da ƙarfi sosai kuma ana iya walda shi, matsakaicin farantin carbon yana jaddada ƙarfi da aiki, yayin da manyan farantin carbon ke mai da hankali kan taurin kai da juriya amma ba su da walda.
Menene yawan adadin carbon don ƙananan karfe?
Karfe mai ƙarancin carbon yana da nauyin carbon tsakanin 0.04% da 0.30%.
Za a iya walda ƙarfe mai matsakaiciyar carbon?
Hakika, ana iya haɗa ƙarfe mai ƙarfe mai ƙarfe, amma sau da yawa ana bukatar a yi masa zafi kafin ya fashe.
Menene ya sa ASTM A516 ya dace da tasoshin matsin lamba?
ASTM A516 yana tabbatar da kyakkyawan ƙarfin ƙwanƙwasawa, sarrafa sinadarai, kuma an tsara shi don tsayayya da karyewar karyewa, yana biyan ƙa'idodin ASME don tasoshin matsin lamba da aikace-aikacen ƙananan zafin jiki.
Menene Q345 karfe?
Q345 shine nau'in tsari na China mai kama da ASTM A572 Grade 50, wanda ya dace da ayyukan samar da kayayyakin more rayuwa na cikin gida da gina gadaje na fitarwa saboda ƙarfin ƙarfinsa.
